Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• milli-Q water to the freshly prepared Ag nanowire solution [55]. A higher photocatalytic activity was shown for the Ag–ZnO core–shell particles compared to ZnO alone under solar light irradiation. SERS applications of ZnO-based nanostructures SERS is a powerful technique with promising applications for

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• are considered the most effective, but unfortunately pure iron is toxic because it leads to high oxidative stress. To avoid this problem there is a lot of ongoing work regarding the design of core–shell particles with pure iron cores [63][64]. Octopod SPIONs (30 nm) were also shown to be better than

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• citrate reduction of Au(III) salts resulting in core–shell (IO@Au) nanoparticles of 9.3 ± 2.6 nm. The core–shell particles underwent lysozyme-mediated aggregation (IO@Au-Lys). The aggregated structures were further treated with Au-BSA NCs (IO@Au-Lys-Au-BSA) to form a composite structure. The combination

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• core. The schematic diagram of layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition on colloidal templates, core dissolution and drug encapsulation into LbL-assembled capsules is shown in Figure 1. The method of fabricating core–shell particles and multilayered hollow capsules via LbL assembly was originally proposed and

Formation of metal/semiconductor Cu–Si composite nanostructures

• Natalya V. Yumozhapova,
• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Vyacheslav V. Syzrantsev and
• Erzhena C. Khartaeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2497–2504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.240

• retaining their properties for several months. The transmission electron microscopy image shows core–shell particles, Janus-like nanoparticles, and individual particles SiOx (Figure 6). The modelling of the nanoparticle formation from the original nanoscale droplets described above suggests that Cu–SiOx

• fundamental science. The formation of core–shell particles, under the conditions of the experiment, when a liquid two-component melt is preliminarily created before evaporation, most likely occurs when condensed copper and silicon drops merge and segregate due to the difference of their surface energies. The

Coating of upconversion nanoparticles with silica nanoshells of 5–250 nm thickness

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Maysoon Saleh,
• Bastian Rühle,
• Ute Resch-Genger and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2410–2421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.231

• remain constant. Hence, the number of micelles stays constant, and their size is increased to accommodate the growing core–shell particles. Consequently, the formation of core-free silica particles is suppressed. When the negative zeta potential of the particles, which continuously decreased during the

• of the UCNP@SiO2 core–shell particles was obtained from these STEM images, and the corresponding hydrodynamic diameters were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS, see below in Table 1). Although large, core-free silica particles can easily be obtained by Stöber-like growth processes [28], and

• were adjusted so that they are large enough to host the growing core–shell particles. After an initial silica shell of 5–10 nm was coated onto the UCNP, a further growth by a Stöber-like growth process was attempted, i.e., the particles were redispersed in ethanol, and ammonia water, water and TEOS

Porous silver-coated pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel nanocapsules

• William W. Bryan,
• Riddhiman Medhi,
• Maria D. Marquez,
• Supparesk Rittikulsittichai,
• Michael Tran and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1973–1982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.194

• silver nanocapsules with pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel cores. The Au nanoparticles act as nucleation sites (templating agents) for the growth of the Ag shells. Without these templating agents, the core–shell particles fail to form, leading to the exclusive formation of free metal particles and aggregated

Synthesis of P- and N-doped carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction via controlled phosphoric acid treatment of folic acid

• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1497–1510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.148

• application as domestic, back-up, and vehicle power sources. The cost of cathode catalysts can be reduced in a number of ways, e.g., by alloying Pt with base metals [2], forming core–shell particles with base-metal cores covered by thin Pt layers [3], and developing non-Pt catalysts. In particular, the

Deposition of metal particles onto semiconductor nanorods using an ionic liquid

• Michael D. Ballentine,
• Elizabeth G. Embry,
• Marco A. Garcia and
• Lawrence J. Hill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 718–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.71

• is attributed to the fact that the semiconductor nanorod substrate was still capped with insulating organic ligands in both samples. The methods reported herein could be used to achieve a multistep synthesis of metal-decorated core@shell particles using only ionic liquids to determine if the

Improving control of carbide-derived carbon microstructure by immobilization of a transition-metal catalyst within the shell of carbide/carbon core–shell structures

• Teguh Ariyanto,
• Jan Glaesel,
• Andreas Kern,
• Gui-Rong Zhang and
• Bastian J. M. Etzold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 419–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.41

• heterogeneous combination. Immobilizing the transition metal-catalyst at each particle would ensure a homogeneous catalytic graphitization of the whole powder samples. We recently introduced the possibility to obtain core–shell particles in which a nanoporous carbon shell is covering a carbide core [14][15][24

Colloidal chemistry with patchy silica nanoparticles

• Pierre-Etienne Rouet,
• Cyril Chomette,
• Laurent Adumeau,
• Etienne Duguet and
• Serge Ravaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2989–2998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.278

• , the core–shell particles were washed with absolute ethanol and water and redispersed in absolute ethanol. Grafting of carboxylic acid groups onto the surface of the spherical satellites We quickly added under vigorous stirring a pre-determined volume of APTES, corresponding to a nominal surface

Droplet-based synthesis of homogeneous magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Christian D. Ahrberg,
• Ji Wook Choi and
• Bong Geun Chung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2413–2420, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.226

• -stage synthesis system would be of interest. Through this, larger nanoparticles could be synthesized by successive addition of reagents to the droplets, or core–shell particles could be made in a multi-step reaction within the droplets. Schematic of the experimental setup showing the three syringe pumps

Nanoconjugates of a calixresorcinarene derivative with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) fragments for drug encapsulation

• Alina M. Ermakova,
• Julia E. Morozova,
• Yana V. Shalaeva,
• Victor V. Syakaev,
• Aidar T. Gubaidullin,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Vladimir V. Zobov,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Olga B. Bazanova,
• Igor S. Antipin and
• Alexander I. Konovalov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2057–2070, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.195

• calixarene and calixresorcinarene polylactide star polymers [19]. Self-association and hemotoxicity of 3 First, the self-association of macrocycle 3 in the aqueous solution was studied by using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The obtained data are typical for core–shell particles that practically do not

• participate in the formation of core–shell particles in aqueous solution. The critical association concentration (cac) value of 3 was obtained by using the fluorescent pyrene-probe method. It amounts to 0.01 mg/mL (Figure S8, Supporting Information File 1). mPEG-550 does not form self-organised structures

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• diameters of ca. 440 nm and AuNPs with diameters of ca. 60 nm could split water in the visible range, even at low Au fractions of only 1.8% [27]. Finally, Seh et al. showed that TiO2/Au Janus nanoparticles have a higher photocatalytic activity than the corresponding core–shell particles [28]. All materials

Evaluating the toxicity of TiO₂-based nanoparticles to Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli: a complementary experimental and computational approach

• Alicja Mikolajczyk,
• Natalia Sizochenko,
• Ewa Mulkiewicz,
• Anna Malankowska,
• Michal Nischk,
• Przemyslaw Jurczak,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Grzegorz Nowaczyk,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska,
• Jerzy Leszczynski,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.216

• Toxicity evaluation Three types of TiO2-based NPs were synthetized: (1) monometallic (Au, Pd) clusters, (2) core–shell particles and (3) alloy bimetallic clusters (Au/Pd). The cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of TiO2 modified with palladium and/or gold NPs is presented in Table 1. Inhibition of

Synthesis and characterization of noble metal–titania core–shell nanostructures with tunable shell thickness

• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Marta Michalska-Domańska,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Dariusz Zasada and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2083–2093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.208

• observed formation of the multi-core@shell particles, which are also very interesting due to the combined plasmonic effect of metallic cores. In the case of AgNPs, the synthesized metal NPs were stabilized with citrate ions either during the synthesis or after, in order to prevent aggregation in the

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• spectroscopy result by Vowinkel et al. revealed the formation of pyridine groups after preoxidizing the film composed of SiO2@poly(styrene-co-AN) core–shell particles at 240 °C [30]. To optimize the preoxidation temperature of PAN–PMMA nanoparticles, the PAN-PMMA1 nanoparticles were preoxidized at 200 °C, 220

Bright fluorescent silica-nanoparticle probes for high-resolution STED and confocal microscopy

• Isabella Tavernaro,
• Christian Cavelius,
• Henrike Peuschel and
• Annette Kraegeloh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.130

• nanoparticles (FD25_Atto647N): The synthesis of 25 nm large Atto647N dyed silica particles was realised analogous to the procedure described above. Only the temperature of the heating process was changed to 60 °C. Synthesis of fluorescent silica core–shell particles using multiple regrowth steps (FD45; FD60 and

Nanocrystalline TiO₂/SnO₂ heterostructures for gas sensing

• Barbara Lyson-Sypien,
• Anna Kusior,
• Mieczylaw Rekas,
• Jan Zukrowski,
• Marta Gajewska,
• Katarzyna Michalow-Mauke,
• Thomas Graule,
• Marta Radecka and
• Katarzyna Zakrzewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 108–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.12

• as core–shell particles. Table 1 presents some of the examples of the latest papers dealing with TiO2–SnO2 materials for the detection of different gases. The performance of a resistive-type gas sensor is inherently related to the form and number of oxygen species adsorbed at the surface of the

Mesoporous hollow carbon spheres for lithium–sulfur batteries: distribution of sulfur and electrochemical performance

• Anika C. Juhl,
• Artur Schneider,
• Boris Ufer,
• Torsten Brezesinski,
• Jürgen Janek and
• Michael Fröba

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1229–1240, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.114

• determined to be 380 nm by dynamic light scattering, while the diameter of the core–shell particles was about 515 nm. From SEM images (Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1) a diameter of about 490 nm was determined for the core–shell spheres. Further characterization of the SCMS silica can be found in

• another 18 h at room temperature, the suspension was neutralized with hydrochloric acid (32%) to precipitate the core–shell particles. The precipitate was centrifuged and dried at 60 °C before removing the surfactant by calcination at 550 °C for 6 h in air. Synthesis of hollow carbon spheres The synthesis

Structure and mechanism of the formation of core–shell nanoparticles obtained through a one-step gas-phase synthesis by electron beam evaporation

• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Sergey P. Bardakhanov,
• Makoto Schreiber,
• Dashima G. Bazarova,
• Nikolai A. Romanov,
• Boris B. Baldanov,
• Bair R. Radnaev and
• Viacheslav V. Syzrantsev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 874–880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.89

• of the core material or to use an inexpensive core material to carry a thin, more-expensive shell material [1][2]. Thus, they have found wide applicability in fields such as biomedicine, electrical and semiconducting materials, and catalysts [1][2]. The majority of core–shell particles are

• ][6]. Recently, the authors have synthesized core–shell Ag–Si and Cu–Si type particles in a new way using electron beam evaporation [7][8]. In this method, the core–shell particles are synthesized in one-step directly from the gas phase without substrates. The precursors used are elemental materials

• rather than chemical compounds which are degraded into the final core or shell materials. Thus, this method may also be a more economical method of synthesising certain types of core–shell particles. Previous nanopowders synthesized with this method have been produced at kg/h rates [9][10][11]. As single

Biological responses to nanoscale particles

• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 380–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.37

• conjugates of biomolecules, magnetism, radioactivity, Janus particles and core–shell particles were combined. In particular, the use of fluorescently labeled particles has become one of the preferred tools to track nanoparticles inside cells and tissue. When nanoparticles are exposed to biological fluids

Hybrid spin-crossover nanostructures

• Carlos M. Quintero,
• Gautier Félix,
• Iurii Suleimanov,
• José Sánchez Costa,
• Gábor Molnár,
• Lionel Salmon,
• William Nicolazzi and
• Azzedine Bousseksou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2230–2239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.232

• surface. In this case, the luminophore 3-(dansylamido)propyltrimethoxysilane was grafted onto the surface of the nanoparticles (NPs) using a straightforward chemical reaction (see Figure 2). The luminescent signal from these core–shell particles during the thermal cycles follows the SCO curve obtained

• –shell particles, the interaction between the core and the shell can be used to further tune the spin-crossover phenomenon. Oubouchou et al. have shown the impact of an inactive HS shell on an active SCO core [40]. Figure 9 displays thermal SCO curves of a square-shaped SCO core surrounded by 0, 5, 10

• prediction of these phenomena and, even more importantly, their spin-state dependence is currently not possible. On the other hand, the spin-crossover behavior of particles can be altered when their shape is modified [38][39]. Beyond the modulation of the surface-to-volume ratio, in the case of hybrid core

The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions

• Christoph Bantz,
• Olga Koshkina,
• Thomas Lang,
• Hans-Joachim Galla,
• C. James Kirkpatrick,
• Roland H. Stauber and
• Michael Maskos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1774–1786, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.188

• condensation of silicic acid esters (mostly tetraethyl orthosilicate, TEOS) under basic alcoholic conditions. It was first described by W. Stöber in 1968 [60] and gives well defined particles with sizes of around 20 to 5,000 nm. Numerous improvements allow for the synthesis of core–shell particles, of dye

• inhalation toxicology. The preparation of the poly(organosiloxane) particles that we report on is based on previously described syntheses by our group [66][69]. These procedures were extended as follows [75]: First, core–shell particles with a dye-labelled core were synthesized by using the basic synthesis

Dye-sensitized Pt@TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for the efficient photocatalytic generation of hydrogen

• Jun Fang,
• Lisha Yin,
• Shaowen Cao,
• Yusen Liao and
• Can Xue

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 360–364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.41

• (Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1). The core–shell morphology of the prepared Pt@TiO2 nanostructures was confirmed by TEM and SEM examination. As shown in Figure 2A and 2B, the core–shell particles appear as flower-like structures, in which the Pt nanoparticles as the cores show an average

• scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL JSM-7600F) with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis system and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL JEM-2100) at an accelerating voltage at 200 kV. Photocatalytic generation of H2 with erythrosin B-sensitized Pt@TiO2 core–shell particles: In a typical run, 5 mg